The Deep Sea Ecosystem

The Deep Sea Ecosystem



Each species on our planet plays a role in the healthy functioning of natural ecosystems, on which humans depend.( - William H. Schlesinger)

The deep sea currently remains largely unexplored due to barometric pressure, extreme

temperatures and the "absence" of light. For the longest time people believed that very little life

existed in this environment. But since then research has demonstrated that a significant amount

of biodiversity exists in the deep sea. The disphotic zone is also known as the twilight zone is the

lowest boundary, which temperatures vary from -1 - 4 C. The deep sea has an adequate amount

of oxygen; it is because cold water can dissolve more oxygen than warm water. These

“thermoline currents “can travel around the globe ,and there is a significant amount of oxygen for

life because there is  not enough biomass to use it all up. Due to the deep

sea being so dark photosynthesis cannot occur  because the sun light can only go as far as 100-

200 meters .instead of photosynthesis in the deep part of the ocean there is something called

chemosynthesis that occurs.

 Chemosynthesis is the conversion of one or more carbon molecules

and nutrients into organic matter using the oxidation of inorganic molecules or methane as a

source of energy, rather than sunlight (as in photosynthesis). Nearly every life form in the ocean

 depend on photosynthesis, phytoplankton and any other marine plants to produce carbon dioxide

into organic carbon, which is a very important building block of organic

matter, the reason we

depend on phytoplankton and other marine plants is because  in the deep sea there is not a lot

of sunlight to produce photosynthesis. Phytoplankton is microscopic organisms that live in

watery environments both salty and fresh.

Since the average depth of the ocean is about 4300 meters, the photic zone represents only a tiny

 fraction of the ocean's total volume. But due to its capacity for photosynthesis, the photic zone

has the greatest biodiversity and biomass of all oceanic zones. The three main energy and

nutrients sources for the deep sea are; chemosynthesis, hydrothermal vents, and marine snow.

Hydrothermal vents are a fissure in the ocean floor especially at or near a mid-ocean ridge from

which mineral rich super heated water is issued.

“Pressure is the greatest envirmental factor acting on the deep sea organisms.

, although most of the deep sea is under pressure between 200 and 600 atm,

The range of pressure is from 20 to 1,000 atm. Pressure exhibits a great role in the distribution

Of deep sea organisms.”(Wikipedia)

In conclusion, the essential biotic factors in the deep sea are chemosynthesis, phytoplankton and the pressure.

Biosphere

Biospheres

Written for : Youth

“Before the coming of life the earth was a bleak place, a rocky globe with shallow seas and a thin

band of gasses, largely carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, molecular nitrogen, hydrogen, sulfide

and water vapor”.(Britannica encyclopedia )

The biosphere is the global sum of all ecosystems integrating all living organisms and their

relations including their interactions with the elements of the hydrosphere and atmosphere.

This strictly inorganic state is called earth, called the geosphere, it consists of lithosphere (the

rock and soil) the hydrosphere (the water) and the atmosphere (the air). Energy from the sun

relentlessly bombards the surface of the earth.

The biosphere is a system characterized by the continuous cycling of matter and a flow of solar

 energy in which certain  large molecules and cells are self producing. The biosphere is of

biogenesis, at least 3.5 billion years ago. Biospheres are any enclosed self regulating ecosystem,

sometimes even manmade ones.

The term biosphere was named by geologist Eduard Seuss in which he defined as “the place on

earth’s surface were life dwells”. Some life and earth scientists have used biosphere in a different

sense, like geochemist  define biosphere  as the total sum of living organisms. All life on earth

depends ultimately upon green plants as well as water. Plants utilize sunlight in a process called

photosynthesis to produce food and provide as a by-product. Living (Biotic) communities and

their non-living (Abiotic) environment are inseparably interrelated and constantly interact upon each other.

For convenience, any segment of the landscape that includes the biotic and abiotic components is

 called a ecosystem. Energy and organizations a in important characteristic of life that is an

  organized system that is capable of creating more order from less. The cycling of matter in the

 biosphere is generally patterns and chemical cycles in the cycling of matter (nutrients and

water), as well as the flow of energy. No organism can grow and continue its kind for millions of

generations without replenishing the elements that supports it.

In conclusion, is that God has created everyone and everything with a purpose in mind. For

 example cycling matter must happen. We use energy, water and carbon (Just to name a few). In

closing is that earth is very functional with all the cycling and other things that take place in our

biosphere. 

Chemical Reaction

The classic science experiment baking soda and vinegar has always been one of the easiest experiments, I wondered if there was something else that could cause a reaction but not in the same way.

My mom suggested that I try red bull and milk! Red bull and milk?

I did a lot of research and ended up with a chemical reaction that did not explode like baking soda and vinegar.

 

My hypothesis is not only will the milk react to the chemicals in the red bull but it will probably curdle and separate.

The first question I had was what chemicals is it reacting too?

My method was very simple, the first thing I did was look at all the ingredients in the red bull to see what chemicals were in there and which one was it was reacting to. On the front of the can it says “with taurine” what is taurine ? Taurine is a natural crystalline substance with

C2, H7, NO3, S. Taurine can be found in the large intestines and counts for approximately 0.1 % of our body weight. The next ingredient is Niacinmide which is a chemical (Also vitamin B4) it synthesizes and metabolizes proteins, carbohydrates, and fats .   other  ingredients are calcium pantothenate (Vitamin B5) , pyradoxin (Vitamin B6) ,Sucrose which is just “table” sugar,gluclose is also known as corn sugar.The next big ingredient is caffeine ,caffeine is a white crystalline with C8,H10,N4,O . (if you noticed it is similar to taurine) now that we know what is in the red bull what is in the milk ? The protein in the milk called casein which is a milk fat has a acid called phosphorus. (This is a  element on the periodic table) phosphorus is found in the nervous tissue , bones and cell protoplasm . Phosphorus is a highly reactive that is why it is not a free element on earth.  

From what I have researched is that two of the chemicals, taurine and niacinmide in the red bull and phosphorus in the milk is what had the reaction.  And my result was......

 

Intelligent Design

In Doctrine and covenants 93:30 it says: “All truth is independent in that sphere in which God has

placed it, to act for itself, as all intelligence also; otherwise there is no existence.”

The intelligent design is intended to demonstrate that all living organisms were created by an

intelligent designer.

Intelligent design; a theory that nature and complex biological structures were designed by

intelligent beings and were not created by chance. The theory of intelligent design was formed in

the 1990s (Primarily) in the U.S as a theory of Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution .Building

on that argument for the existence of God advanced by William Paley . God created every living

species,

, (Moses 3:7) including the heavens and the earth (Moses 1:33).

In the beginning of the earth there was the creation, (Genesis 1)

When Jesus Christ created man in God’s image, and created the heavens and the earth in 6

days. “Science and religion do not employ different kinds of mental processes; rather, they share

a great many things in common. And I suggest that The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day

Saints and the gospel principles that it teaches are susceptible to scientific analysis. I believe that

we can analyze the gospel, ask questions about it, and look into its challenges scientifically.”

( Don Lind). (D&C: 88:40)

The theory of the universe is no big mystery in Ephesians 3:9 it says “And to make all men see

What is the fellowship of the mystery, which from the beginning of the world hath been hid in

God, who created all things by Jesus Christ:”

God has used structure and order to create the earth (Genesis 2:1)

Genesis 1:31 says “And God saw everything that he made and, the evening and the morning were the sixth day.”

“God has established nothing without geometric beauty which was not bound before hand by some law of necessity “Sir James Jeans

Intelligent design was widely as being allie of scientific creationism the theory that a divine

Creator created various forms or life .

The Britannica encyclopedia Sais that”Suppoters of the intelligent design maintained,

however, that they took no position on creation and were not  concerned with biblical literalism.”

In 2005 a federal court said that the intelligent design was not clearly distinct from creationism

and therefore should be excluded from the curriculum .

Due to this action many have not heard the truth or the argument of the intelligent design.

I personally completely support the theory of intelligent design and the biblical proof that I have

just written about.

The Brain

The Brain

                                                               

Introduction:

I have had such a pleasure doing what I love best, Science and math. This paper will bring you a new understanding and a whole new meaning to what is really going on inside your head. (Biology has always been one of my favorites which is why I chose to write this paper on the brain)

The Brain:

From gruesome ancient rituals to modern pharmacology, Mankind has been trying to discover what’s really going on inside our heads (Jackson Dykeman)

There are three divisions of the brain the first is the forebrain the second is the midbrain the third is the hind brain. The first path to discovering our brain was in 5000 BC when they asked the question, what is the brain? They drilled holes in the skull of the people because they believed it would relieve them from headaches and seizure .the majority of organisms at the level of the invertebrate phyla evolved organs in the interior portion (Front end) of their bodies

Respond to high concentration of incoming information. The most anterior ganglion .or enlarged organized integrative mass of nervous tissue called the brain. The second path to the finding the brain is the anatomy, how is the brain built? We have record from 15 foot long Edwin Smith surgical papyrus (A copy of Egyptian records).Includes the earliest account of the anatomy of the brain (3000 BC)The two lobes in the forebrain are associated with the sense of smell it’s also the major part in sensory and motor response ,Also including body temperature ,hunger,pain,ect. The mid brain is just as important to; it specializes with visual center and connected to the eyes. The hindbrain specializes in heartbeat and breathing. The third path to discovering out brain is psychology, how does the mind work? In 1649 René Descartes discovered the philosophical distinction between the mind and spirit. The fourth path to discovering out brain is disorders, Can we fix the brain? In 1402 ST Mary’s hospital opened for the mentally ill, they also had psychiatric facilities. And the fifth path to discovering our brain is neuroscience, what powers the brain?   In 1791 Luigi Galvani did a study on frogs , an Italian physiologist is the first to discover that a form of “Animal Electricity” secreted by the brain drives nerve activity .Not only is the brain is our brain important but it is a necessity for the body because the brain makes more things possible than just  learning .

Conclusion:

While I have been working on this paper I did a lot of research on scientist who weren’t quite well known, but I noticed something they had in common, they had the habits of a scientist. And I thought to myself and thought you truly can’t be a successful scientist without these habits.

Bibliography:

Wikipedia: Lateralization

Biology a self teaching guide

Your brain- A user’s guide

Time Magazine: 2011 new scientific discoveries

The Britannica encyclopedias 

My Passion For Science

I am a homeschooler and I have been homeschooling since 2007 and I totally love it ! I will tell you it has taken me quite a while to find my love of learning just in general ,then I  read Thomas Jefferson Education for teens (By Oliver Demile and Shannon Brooks) And I was totally inspired to actually do something big with my education . Then a couple years later I started doing the LEMI (Leadership Education Mentoring Institute) And I am doing the pyramid project scholar class , I am totally loving it!! My love for science is something I don't think I will ever lose, So this blog will present to you my essays ,experiments and anything else I can think of!